深松和秸秆还田对甘肃引黄灌区土壤物理性状和玉米生产的影响

通过在甘肃引黄灌区灰钙土2015—2017年的田间试验,研究深松35 cm秸秆还田、深松35 cm秸秆不还田与传统旋耕秸秆不还田对土壤紧实度、容重、入渗率和0～100 cm土层土壤水分、玉米产量、养分吸收量的影响.结果表明: 与深松35 cm秸秆不还田及旋耕秸秆不还田相比,深松35 cm秸秆还田使0～40 cm土层土壤紧实度和容重降低最明显,2017年收获后紧实度与容重较2015年试验前分别下降42.6%、7.0%,且2016和2017年播种前与收获后0～40 cm土层紧实度和容重的变幅最小,紧实度变异系数平均为6.1%,容重为3.2%,土壤入渗率较旋耕秸秆不还田提高33.6%;深松35 cm秸秆还田可显著提高春秋两季0～100 cm土层剖面含水量,降低剖面水分变异,0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较旋耕秸秆不还田春季增加15.5%,秋季增加5.6%,水分利用效率提高32.4%;此外,深松35 cm秸秆还田能促进玉米生产,较旋耕秸秆不还田的经济产量两年平均分别增产25.6%,生物产量提升33.3%,玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收量分别提高49.6%、51.5%和37.6%.综上,深松35 cm秸秆还田能改善物理土壤特性,稳定耕层物理性状,提高0～100 cm土层剖面水分含量及春秋两季土壤平均贮水量,降低水分变异,是促进玉米水肥高效利用,实现高产的最优措施,为甘肃引黄灌区耕层构建技术的深入研究提供理论依据.     

冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风水蚀影响研究进展

冻融侵蚀在我国分布范围广,是主要土壤侵蚀类型之一,而冻融作用与其他营力复合进行侵蚀的分布范围比单纯的冻融侵蚀更广,所造成的危害也更大.本文基于国内外已有研究成果,总结评述了冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风蚀和水蚀影响的相关研究进展.冻融条件下,土壤水分发生运移,结构被破坏,土壤孔隙度、容重、抗剪强度、团聚体稳定性和有机质等理化性质均发生变化,其变化趋势和幅度与土壤质地、冻融程度有关.冻融作用通过改变土壤理化性质,增加土壤可蚀性,从而影响土壤风蚀和水蚀发生及过程,导致侵蚀强度增大.目前,冻融研究以室内模拟为主,与野外实际冻融过程差异较大,且由于试验条件不同,得到的结论无法统一,甚至相反.因此,通过室内模拟与野外实测相结合,加强冻融条件下土壤侵蚀机理研究是下一步的重点,这对季节性冻融区解冻期侵蚀预报和防治具有重要意义.     

Intellectual property, genetically modified crops and bioethics

The implementation of a new technology is almost always surrounded by a debate on the moral and social implications that may arise. The debate with regard to genetically modified (GM) crops has been one of the longest and most controversial. However, one area of the debate that receives less attention is the role that intellectual property can play. The introduction of an effective and yet appropriate intellectual property system addressing society's particular needs can eliminate some of these issues. This paper looks at whether the situation in Europe is meeting our current needs and also addresses the role intellectual property can play in the debate over the introduction of GM crops in developing countries.     

Dynamic domains and geometrical properties of HIV-1 gp120 during conformational changes induced by CD4 binding

The HIV-1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein undergoes a series of conformational rearrangements while sequentially interacting with the receptor CD4 and coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4 on the surface of host cells to initiate virus entry. Both the crystal structures of the HIV-1 gp120 core bound by the CD4 and antigen 17b, and the SIV gp120 core pre-bound by the CD4 are known. We have performed dynamic domain studies on the homology models of the CD4-bound and unliganded HIV-1 gp120 with modeled V3 and V4 loops to explore details of conformational changes, hinge axes, and hinge bending regions in the gp120 structures upon CD4 binding. Four dynamic domains were clustered and intricately motional modes for domain pairs were discovered. Together with the detailed comparative analyses of geometrical properties between the unliganded and liganded gp120 models, an induced fit model was proposed to explain events accompanying the CD4 engagement to the gp120, which provided new insight into the dynamics of the molecular induced binding mechanism that complements the molecular dynamics and crystallographic studies.     

调控措施对祁连山中度退化高寒草甸土壤的影响

研究不同调控措施(春季休牧、春季休牧-划破草皮、春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥、春季休牧-划破草皮-播种、春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种)对祁连山中度退化高寒草甸植被、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物生物量的影响。结果表明: 各调控措施均显著增加了退化高寒草甸植被盖度以及地上、地下生物量,春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥与春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种两种措施下植被物种丰富度显著增加,春季休牧-划破草皮-播种与春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下物种优势种为补播草种青海草地早熟禾。中度退化高寒草甸土壤(对照)pH和容重显著高于各调控措施样地,春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾含量及碳氮比、氮磷比均最高,分别为21.3%、22.30 g·kg^-1、2.77 g·kg^-1、19.93 g·kg^-1、8.3、3.5。春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施下退化草地土壤微生物生物量氮、磷(分别为104.98和40.74 mg·kg^-1)显著高于其他措施,而退化草地在春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥措施下土壤微生物生物量碳(240.72 mg·kg^-1)显著高于其他措施。雷达图表明,调控措施对退化草地植被特征(地上、地下生物量)、土壤理化性质(含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾)及土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)特征影响显著,且春季休牧-划破草皮-施肥-播种措施对研究区退化草地的修复效果最佳。     

High dimensional mediation analysis with latent variables

We propose a model for high dimensional mediation analysis that includes latent variables. We describe our model in the context of an epidemiologic study for incident breast cancer with one exposure and a large number of biomarkers (i.e., potential mediators). We assume that the exposure directly influences a group of latent, or unmeasured, factors which are associated with both the outcome and a subset of the biomarkers. The biomarkers associated with the latent factors linking the exposure to the outcome are considered “mediators.” We derive the likelihood for this model and develop an expectation‐maximization algorithm to maximize an L1‐penalized version of this likelihood to limit the number of factors and associated biomarkers. We show that the resulting estimates are consistent and that the estimates of the nonzero parameters have an asymptotically normal distribution. In simulations, procedures based on this new model can have significantly higher power for detecting the mediating biomarkers compared with the simpler approaches. We apply our method to a study that evaluates the relationship between body mass index, 481 metabolic measurements, and estrogen‐receptor positive breast cancer.     

邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、功能及同工酶现象研究进展

邻苯二酚是芳香族化合物多条生物降解途径中共有的一种重要的中间产物,根据开环方式的不同,可分为邻位降解途径和间位降解途径,其中邻位降解途径中的关键酶是邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶。本文主要综述了邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、酶学性质,以及它在芳香烃降解菌中存在的同工酶现象及其功能研究进展。     

An exact test for the association between the disease and alleles at highly polymorphic loci with particular interest in the haplotype analysis

The association analysis between the disease and genetic alleles is one of the simple methods for localizing the susceptibility locus in the genes. For revealing the association, several statistical tests have been proposed without discussing explicitly the alternative hypotheses. We therefore specify two types of alternative hypotheses (i.e., there is only one susceptibility allele in the locus, and there is an extension or shortening of alleles associated with the disease) and derive exact tests for the respective hypotheses. We also propose to combine these two tests when the prior knowledge is not sufficient enough to specify one of these two hypotheses. In particular, these ideas are extended to the haplotype analysis of three-way association between the disease and bivariate allele frequencies at two closely linked loci. As a by-product, a factorization of the probability distribution of the three-way cell frequencies under the null hypothesis of no three-way interaction is obtained.     

Structure and physicochemical properties of starches from kidney bean seeds at immature,premature and mature stages of development

Starches from kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Toramame) seeds at the immature, premature, mature stages of development were examined. The starch content increased from 94, 219 to 265 mg per seed. Starches showed the C(a)-crystalline type composed of small (<5 micrometer) and large (10-35 micrometer) granules, with the large granules largely increasing with maturity. The amylose content increased from 21, 26 to 27%, and rapid viscograms and DSC thermograms suggested that the mature-stage starch was gelatinized with ease. The amylose increased in size from DPn 820, 1000 to 1080 and a number of chains per molecule (NC) from 3.3, 4.2 to 4.5. The branched amylose was a minor component (11-18% by mole) with NC 20-22. The amylopectin was similar in CL (23), beta-amylolysis limit (59%), and chain-length distribution, but reduced in size (DPn 17,100-5270) and increased in content of phosphorus (114-174 ppm) with an increase in the amount of phosphorus linked to C-6 of the glucose residue (8-66%).